After completing this chapter, participants will be able to:  

• Understand the fundamental technical aspects associated with electrophysiological procedures. 
• Measure basic time intervals and determine the anterograde and retrograde Wenckebach points, along with understanding the concept of refractory periods.  
• Apply essential pacing diagnostic maneuvers that are used to elucidate the mechanism and substrate of a given arrhythmia.  
• Perform and interpret the basic diagnostic electrophysiological maneuvers used for the differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias. 
• Understand the operational principles, advantages and potential pitfalls of 3D non-fluoroscopic systems utilized for mapping and ablation of arrhythmias.